重大入侵害虫番茄潜叶蛾在4个烟草品种上的适合度评估

本文以新发重大恶性外来入侵物种番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)为研究对象,明确了其在云南地区4个主栽烟草品种(‘云烟87’‘云烟99’‘K326’和‘红大’)上的适合度,评估了危害风险。研究结果显示,番茄潜叶蛾在4个烟草品种上均能够完成生活史,并且成虫生殖力、后代羽化量、羽化率及雌雄成虫寿命在不同烟草品种间无显著性差异,但后代孵化量和孵化率均差异显著。番茄潜叶蛾在‘云烟99’上孵化量和孵化率(38%)最大,在‘云烟87’上最小(孵化率为15%)。雌雄性番茄潜叶蛾幼虫在不同烟草品种上的幼虫期和成虫前期的发育时间存在显著差异,且性别和品种对幼虫期和成虫前期的影响存在交互效应。此外,本研究还发现番茄潜叶蛾在‘云烟99’上的发育速率最快,雌雄虫完成从卵到成虫的发育分别需要约39 d和35 d;在‘红大’上的发育速率最慢,雌雄虫完成发育分别需要约44 d和38 d。本研究结果明确了番茄潜叶蛾对云南地区4个主栽烟草品种的为害潜力,同时为当地监测和防控该害虫为害提供了数据支持。     

The breeding potential of wild potato species resistant to the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

Summary The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) is an important pest of potatoes in the field and in stores in warm environments throughout the world. In this study genetic resistance to potato tuber moth was identified in clones of Solanum sparsipilum (coded MBN) originally developed for resistance to bacterial wilt and root-knot nematode. Resistance to this pest in S. sucrense and S. tarijense as well as S. sparsipilum was exploited in wide crosses with diploid and tetraploid cultivated potatoes, and haploids derived from S. tuberosum; hybrid progenies were produced. Crosses between resistant S. pinnatisectum or S. commersonii and cultivated potatoes failed completely, although S. commersonii did hybridise with two bridging species S. lignicaule and S. capsicibaccatum which are slightly compatible with cultivated potatoes. Resistance to potato tuber moth was transferred to all progenies except those in which S. tarijense was the resistant parent. The development of potatoes resistant to potato tuber moth is discussed in the context of population breeding for the lowland tropics.     

烟碱对马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫保护酶和解毒酶的影响

为研究植食性昆虫与植物次生物质的关系,以检疫性害虫马铃薯块茎蛾[Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)]为研究对象,连续5代用含有植物次生代谢物质烟碱的人工饲料喂养幼虫,自2龄幼虫饲养至5龄,测定烟碱对幼虫解毒酶系和保护酶系的影响。结果表明:5龄幼虫中肠内的羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性显著提高,在第3代时达最大值,分别是对照的1.86倍和1.59倍;烟碱可明显抑制马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,抑制随着饲养代数的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,烟碱可显著提高马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫过氧化物酶(POD)的活性。结论:马铃薯块茎蛾在取食含有植物次生物质烟碱后能启动自身的解毒酶系统并通过调节保护酶系统,逐步适应植物毒素的危害。     

Potential of a strain of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) for the control of the potato tuberworm,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

The potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is one of the most important pests of potato, Solanum tuberosum L., worldwide. We evaluated six Beauveria bassiana strains with potential for control of larvae. Strain SD was the most virulent, causing up to 98% mortality 10 days after inoculation of first instars. The other tested strains (HL, XJ, SC, JL and GZ) were only marginally virulent compared to the controls. In cage trials, SD strain applied to potato plants significantly reduced the survival of tuberworm larvae. Our results suggest that strain SD may be recommended for effective biological control of P. operculella.     

An immunological method for granulovirus detection in larvae of Tuta absoluta: searching for isolates with prospects for biological control of this pest in Colombia

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta is an important insect pest of tomato crops worldwide. Biological control using entomopathogenic viruses such as isolates of Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV) can be a promising tool for suitably controlling this pest. However to date, few viral isolates from T. absoluta have been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an economic, fast and accurate immunological technique for granulovirus detection and to evaluate viral presence in T. absoluta larvae from field samples collected in Colombia. Polyclonal antibodies against PhopGV were produced by using hens and rabbits. The production system in hen was selected as the most efficient and simple method. Then, a dot-blot test was developed, demonstrating the ability of antibodies to recognize granulovirus. Finally, granulovirus presence in 1186 T. absoluta larvae collected in the most important tomato production areas in Colombia was evaluated, and eight isolates were found in Boyacá and Cundinamarca (0.7% of occurrence). These results constitute the first report of a granulovirus isolated from T. absoluta larvae which had been naturally infected in Colombia's tomato producing-fields, and thereby validates the use of the immunological technique to detect granulovirus in field conditions.     

不同性别和交配状态的马铃薯块茎蛾对马铃薯挥发物的触角电位反应

【目的】探明不同性别和交配状态的马铃薯块茎蛾（Phthorimaea operculella）对寄主植物（马铃薯）挥发物的电生理反应的差异,为利用化学生态手段防治马铃薯块茎蛾提供参考。【方法】利用触角电位技术（electroantennogram,EAG）,测定未交配雌蛾、交配雌蛾、未交配雄蛾3种不同生理状态的马铃薯块茎蛾对马铃薯块茎和植株释放的16种挥发性化合物(包括6种脂肪族化合物:1-辛烯-3-醇、丁醇、庚醛、辛醛、壬醛、癸醛;4种芳香族化合物:苯乙醇、苯乙醛、苯乙酮、水杨酸甲酯;6种萜类化合物:α-蒎烯、对-聚伞花素、反-β-罗勒烯、桉叶油醇、反-β-法尼烯、茉莉酸甲酯)的电生理反应及对其中6种化合物(1-辛烯-3-醇、庚醛、壬醛、苯乙酮、水杨酸甲酯、反-β-罗勒烯)的剂量反应。【结果】马铃薯块茎蛾对这16种化合物均能产生触角电位反应,其中未交配雌蛾和雄蛾对脂肪族醇类化合物的EAG反应值较高,交配雌蛾对脂肪族醛类化合物的EAG反应值较高,3种不同生理状态的马铃薯块茎蛾对萜类化合物的EAG反应值均较低。当刺激剂量为1 000 μg时,不同性别和交配状态的马铃薯块茎蛾对同种化合物的反应差异较大,未交配雌蛾对辛醛、水杨酸甲酯、反-β-罗勒烯的反应强于交配雌蛾和未交配雄蛾,交配雌蛾对庚醛、壬醛、α-蒎烯的反应强于未交配雌蛾和雄蛾,未交配雄蛾对1-辛烯-3醇、苯乙醇、苯乙醛的反应强于雌蛾。在测试剂量范围内（1、10、100、1 000 μg）,3种生理状态的马铃薯块茎蛾对6种化合物的EAG反应值随刺激剂量的增加呈现增大的趋势,均未达到饱和阈值,交配雌蛾对同一化合物不同剂量的反应差异更为明显。【结论】马铃薯块茎蛾未交配雌蛾和雄蛾对脂肪族醇类化合物较敏感,交配雌蛾对脂肪族醛类化合物较敏感,雌、雄蛾对萜类化合物均不敏感;对于单个化合物的电生理反应,交配雌蛾对庚醛、壬醛、α-蒎烯更为敏感;对同一化合物不同剂量的电生理反应,交配雌蛾同样更为敏感。     

异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫幼虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应

为明确异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis和龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica对番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta的控害能力。本试验在实验室条件下选取异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫(1龄、2龄)的捕食功能反应和搜寻效应进行系统研究。结果表明,异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型;两种瓢虫的日捕食量与猎物密度在一定范围内呈正相关关系,当猎物密度N→+∞时,异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾1、2龄幼虫的理论日最大捕食量Na_max分别为147.06头、140.85头和333.33头、149.25头。异色瓢虫的最高日捕食率达98%,显著高于龟纹瓢虫的最高日捕食率79%。两种瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾搜寻效应随猎物密度的增大而降低,且异色瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾的搜寻效应显著高于龟纹瓢虫,异色瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫的最高搜寻效应高于0.90,而龟纹瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫的最高搜寻效应低于0.80。异色瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫的捕食能力稍强于龟纹瓢虫,但两种瓢虫对番茄潜叶蛾低龄幼虫均有较好捕食作用,可在一定程度上控制低龄幼虫的数量,故可将两种瓢虫作为番茄潜叶蛾重要的生物防治材料加以研究和利用。